Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea

flashlight Flashlight fish Photoblepharon steinitzi.
shapes S. throat; S thermophilus ferments lactate Swiss cheese (CO2 another bac). Spirochete: Lyme, syphilis.
capsule protect from host defenses see transformation. Streptococcus pharyngitis spherical.
endospore Layers protein coat. Discovery-MiraclePlanet/1_TheViolentPast/#29:00 Bacillus permians
conjugation Donor has Fertility factor; can be diff species.
transformation Streptococcus pneumoniae ear infection, pneumonia.
ch16 Griffith 1928 did not know DNA; eukaryotes transfection: gene gun nanoparticle.
gram negative: outer membrane lipopolysaccharide toxic and resistant. Diverse, paraphyletic.
phylogeny G-positive at bottom.
domains See top 2, bot. Streptomycin prevents ribosome binding formyl-methione in Bacteria!
OwensLake Why named "Bacteriorhodopsin"? Photosynthetic proton pump -> ATP. Halophiles pump K+ ions in. Dry lake: water diverted for L.A. Harvest soda (Sodium carbonate).
Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria) causes Red Sea, red tides.
gram-positive Streptomycin binds ribosome treat TB. Mycoplasma small genome to study. Fibroblast -> collagen, wound healing.
rhizobium Bacteroids in vesicles.
lyme Exo spores can survive boiling: pressure processing. Endo: Salmonalla. Botulinum -> neuroplasticity. Cholera: exotoxin Anthrax: exotoxin Botulinum toxin: a neurotoxin that inhibits release of neurotransmitters
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1=d  2=a  4=D? 7=C? 9=a
1=c  2=d  3=b  5=e  6=a 24=d 27=c
  1. atmosphere 79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen.
  2. Streptomycin binds to rRNA of the bacterial ribosome, prevents release of protein.
  3. Nitrogen fixation ammonia - ionised to ammonium (NH4+)), nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
  4. Anabaena has genes for photosynthesis and for nitrogen fixation, but a cell cannot do both at the same time, since O2 inactivates enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation.
    Anabaena forms filamentous colonies.
  5. Cell walls: bacteria contain peptidoglycan (modified sugars cross–linked by short polypeptides).
    Archaea: polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan.
    Eukaryotes cellulose or chitin (Ch 5).
  6. Molecular: small–subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU–rRNA) evidence.
  7. Methanogens produce methane as a waste product.
  8. Exotoxins can persis even if prokaryotes not present:
    Cholera (diarrhea) caused by proteobacterium Vibrio cholerae.
    Exotoxin stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into gut, water follows by osmosis.
    Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum, ferments improperly canned foods: a protease that breaks down one of the fusion proteins (docking proteins that anchor the vesicle to the membrane) that allow neurons to release acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction: paralysis.
  9. Mycoplasma: no cell walls, tiny genome.