Phylum Bryophyta

1. How does the protonema fit into the moss life cycle?
   Spores germinate into protonemata, which grow buds and develop into gametophytes.

Phylum Hepatophyta

2. What are the functions of the antheridia and archegonia?
   Antheridia produce sperm, archegonia produce eggs.

Phylum Anthocerophyta

3. What is the function of the tissue just inside the epidermis?
   The tissue just inside the epidermis are photosynthetic cells.

4. What is the dominant life stage of each phylum?
   The dominant stage of all the vascular plants is the sporophyte.

Phylum Lycophyta (p. 90-83) p. 192

Phylum Pterophyta

5. Whisk fern specimen. What is the dominant organ?
   The dominant organ of whisk fern is sporangium.

6. Horsetails specimens. What is the function of the strobilus?
   The strobilus of Equisetum contains clusters of sporangia.

7. What is the major difference between microphylls and megaphylls?
   Lycophyta have microphylls: leaves with a single, unbranched vein.
   Pterophyta have megaphylls: leaves with multiple, branching veins.

8. What life stage does the prothallium represent?
   A prothallium is a gametophyte that contains both archegonia and antheridia.

Phylum Coniferophyta

7. Where does the pine cone fit into the life cycle?
   Ovulate cones contain megasporangia that undergo meiosis and develop into female gametophyte.
   Pollen cones contain microsporangia that undergo meiosis and develop into male gametophyte.

Phylum Anthophyta

8. Compare the life cycle of the angiosperm to that of the gymnosperm.
   Angiosperms undergo double fertilization; they contain flowers whose ovaries produce fruit.