02:30 |
Erta Ale Volcano lava lake (Ethiopia Afar region) |
06:30 | Plume creates land, warms
hot springs (Iceland) |
11:10 |
North American and Eurasian Plates split (Thingvellir, Iceland) |
13:00 |
Plate tectonics |
13:50 |
Pangea 225 million years ago |
14:50 | Pacific and Australian Plates collide to create New Zealand
Southern Alps 5 million years old) |
16:30 | European Alps, Andes, Himalayas |
17:00 | Earthquakes in northern Pakistan Oct 2005; hills rose 16 feet. |
20:00 | Shotover River carves gorge, New Zealand |
20:30 |
Amazon River erodes 2 billion tons of Andes per year |
20:40 | Ganges River erodes 1 billion tons of Himalayas per year |
22:30 | Hot spring pools similar to early Earth, inhabited by microbes (Rotorua, New Zealand) |
25:30 | Hydrothermal vents |
26:40 | Carbon dioxide from volcanoes warmed early Earth/weak Sun. |
28:50 |
Stromatolites (Shark Bay, Australia) |
29:50 | Snowball Earth 700 million ywars ago |
33:00 | Warmed by carbon dioxide from volcanoes 630 million years ago. |
34:10 | Ediacaran fossils with head and organs (Adelaide, Australia) |
37:00 |
Dickinsonia is segmented |
40:00 | Photosynthetic plankton sbsorb carbon dioxide, replenished by subduction volcanoes. |
42:40 | Mount St. Helens was a subduction volcano |
47:00 | English Electric Lightning plane flies to 3KM high (South Africa) |
50:00 | troposphere -> stratosphere (ozone) -> mesosphere -> thermosphere |
1:01:50 |
Rocks carved by wind (The Wave, Arizona) |
1:04:15 |
Wind ridges - yardangs (Iran, northwest China) |
1:04:50 | Dust from Sahara blows across Atlantic to Amazon, 40 million tons per year |
1:07:10 | Warm air from Amazon clashes with cold air from south pole -> lightning, sprites (Argentina) |
1:14:20 | Stromatolites are photosynthetic and release oxygen |
1:17:15 |
Banded iron aborbed the oxygen 1.5 billion years ago (Australia) |
1:19:30 | Oxygen forms
Ozone layer |
1:25:00 | Methane in melting permofrost (Siberia) |
1:33:30 | Argenteuil glacier (French Alps) |
1:40:40 |
Lake Vostok |
1:42:20 | Ice age began 3 million years ago: North and South America collided; Gulf stream brings snow to north. |
1:44:10 | El Capitan carved by glaciers (Yosemite) |
1:48:40 | Glaciers left gravel surronded by
Manhattan Schist |
1:50:50 | Ice cave inside Glacier (Norway) |
1:54:05 |
Glacier flowing (Greenland) |
1:55:15 |
Glacial Lake Missoula 16K years ago broke ice dam and carved canyon (Northwest US Scablands) |
2:01:20 | Iceberg nursery, albedo effect (Greenland) |
1:05:30 |
Jakobshavn Glacier melting since 1997 (Greenland) |
2:13:27 |
Columbia Glacier melting (Alaska) |