drosophila-conclusion Sex: ratio between # of X and # of autosome sets, not just Y.
XY Meiosis and sex determination: XX males and XY females Evolution of Y chromosome: adventures of crossing-over Evolution of human chromosome #2 (Ken Miller): why do humans have 46 chromosomes?
haplo-diploid Copious protein-rich royal jelly to queen. Bumble colonial, carpenter solitary.
X-inactivation Calico cat and X inactivation (random deactivation of an X chromosome)
translocation_reciprocal Philadelphia proto-oncogene moves to short chromosome 22, escape cell cycle.
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8eSQ 1=e  2=E  3=a wild type  4=d unexpected  5=a
     6=a  7=b husband irrelevant  8=c female werewolf must be heterozygous
     skip mitochondrial
A single mating can produce many offspring. 
Drosophila chromosomes can be easily distinguishable under a light microscope. 4 pairs/2 weeks.

0. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) make SS modified DNA (probe), bind fluorescent antigens, recognuzed by antibody with fluorescent site (many layers). RNA tagged with fluorescent molecule complementary to the gene transcripts: 6-Aug-2004, Sciemce.
1. X chromosome in fruit flies correlates with inheritance of eye-color trait - a specific gene is associated with a specific chromosome.
2. cinnabar: mineral Mercury Sulfivestigial) should be de anthommatin is not produced, bright red eye.
3. Aristae - bristles near tip of antenna
4. Bird, some fishes & insects: ovum determines sex of offspring: ZW instead of ZZ.
   Bees & ants: females from fertilized ova, male unfertilized: no father.
5. Spare X not complete turned off in females - 25% active. red-green color blindness on X: 3 kinds of cones (blue, yellowish-green, yellow, NO red), mutation in either of latter 2 - cannot distinguish reds, yellows, and greens.
   blue-yellow (tritanopia) short-wavelength (blue) sensitive cone system, chromosome 7.
6. 9 genes in pseudoautosomal regions of X, Y. SRY determines male.
7. Muscular Dystrophy: 3 common types, Duchenne sex-linked.
8. Barr (Murray) body: Neutrophils segmented nuclei, phagocytosis of bacteria & dead cells, then die, remnants of enzymes liquefy of adjacent tissue - pus. Monocytes largest, nuclei not multilobular, but may be deeply indented or U-shaped.
9. Klinefelter syndrome: XXY. Turner syndrome: monosomy X, X0
10. Cri-du-chat: microcephaly, round face, hypertelorism, micrognathia, epicanthal folds, low-set ears, hypotonia, severe psychomotor and mental retardation.