Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

eukaryotes Charophytes aquatic, sporopollenin protects zygote.
charophyte Aquatic, sporopollenin protects zygote.
alternation Difference from algae: embryo.
embryo PEANUT EMBRYO.
sporangia Sphagnum; spores always haploid.
bryophytes MOSS SPOROPHYTE.
sphagnum Put in /bryophytes.html, explain "leafy", retitle
rhizoids REMOVE
moss-cycle Exercise seta=sporophyte stalk. Capsule=sporangium, peristome disperses spores.
fern-cycle Exercise mature gametophyte (herma) repeated bottom. Seed plants dioecious, sporophyll=mod leaf.
pterophyta Horsetail abrasive
Carboniferous Carboniferous before Permian.
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WHY Bacteria and Archaea not 1 domain? 
8eSQ
1=B shape?  2=E generations?  3=a  4=d  5=C?  6=b  7=C?
8=b  9=a  10=a  11=b  12=a
  1. Rhodophyta: phycoerythrin pigments
  2. Charophycean: layer of polymer (sporopollenin) prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
  3. Homosporous: one kind of spores, seed plasnts are heterosporous.
  4. seta plural = setae
  5. Peristome: (peri, around + stoma, mouth) tooth-like segments of capsule contains sporangium inside.
  6. Protonema of moss: green, branched, one–cell–thick filaments (first threads), can bud with apical meristem into gametophore. Protonema + gametophore = gametophyte.
  7. Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern sori shaped like eyebrows. Fertile and sterile fronds similar.
  8. Xylem: tracheids and vessel elements, also parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
  9. Tracheids bordered pits in pines; impermeable center called the Torus acts like a valve and can open or close lateral transport between Tracheids: prevent the spread of embolisms (bubble, obstruction).
  10. Lignin polymers are mostly made of phenylpropanoid units.