Bio1151 notes

Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

hier1-population deer in hier1-community.html? hier2-molecule chlorophyll 4 porphyrin rings: O, N, Mg hier2-tissue epidermal eukarya Order Carnivora posses carnassials: last upper premolars and first lower molars adapted for shearing food in a scissor-like manner. edison 2K trials carbon filament (platinum did not work) 1879, replaced by tungsten. (argon-nitrogen) (quartz glass/halogen-iodine,krypton,xenon) Electrical Discharge: phosphor coatings: Fluorescent, Mercury/Soduim Vapour ===

	SQ 1=B  2=d  3=a  4=C  5=c
	   6=c  7=c  8=D  9=b 10=c
	        ===  ---

chap02

Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life

element PENCIL-GRAPHITE. elements Magnesium: bone & teeth, co-factor in enzymes; chlorophyll. atom He atomic number? 2 Mass? 4. Electron cloud and shells. excited Argon atomic number 18: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6. Since all of its 3p orbitals are filled, it is considered a noble gas. The 3rd principal energy level can also accept up to 5 3d orbitals (3d5), so it can be said that the 3rd "shell" has a maximum of 18 electrons (quantum mechanical model), but 8 electrons (Bohr model) in the 3rd "shell" is stable. shells PAPER CLIP: aluminum (Al); matter: has mass + space; play elements. gecko Van de Graaff electrostatic generator: static by chemical reaction. ===

	SQ 1=B  2=a  3=b  4=B? 5=C? 6=B? 7=b  8=a  9=b 10=b

chap03

Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment

surface PAPER CLIP. Sonar to sense objects; territory. cohesion Sequoia sempervirens 112 m, Eucalyptus regnans 150 m ice BBC-BluePlanet/1.2_FrozenSeas/#29:45 Euphausiid shrimp (Krill) scrape algae off ice pH Avogadro 6.02 * 10²³ acid_precipitation Limestone/dolomite basic. ===

	SQ 1=d  2=D  3=B  4=c  5=b  6=c  7=c  8=D  9=C 10=C
	AQ 1=b  2=d  3=a  4=a  5=e
	CQ 1=e  2=a  3=e?

chap04

Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

functional Revu! hormones hydroxyl, carbonyl (C is hidden), methyl isomer-enantiomer Dextro - levo. L-DOPA (derivative of L-tyrosine) treats PD, can cross BBB, converted to dopamine. isomer-geometric Rhodopsin cis -> trans (such as retinal) isomers MOLYMOD. Latin levo and dextro. L-alanine animation warmup. ACT 4B isomers step 4: stru, stru, iden, enan, geom, stru, diff, enan, geom, stru, diff, iden redo functional group figures from LEC ppt phosphate valence +3 (3 p electrons) but also +5 (with s orbital electrons?) (-OPO₃^2-) sulfhydryl Cysteine has SH; sulfuric acid is H2SO4. ===

	SQ 1=d 2=c

chap05

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

carbohydrate This diagram is starch. monosaccharides Glucose & galactose are stereo isomers. glucose Hydroxyls on 1 & 2 carbons - not geometric no double bond. chitin BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.2_TakingToTheAir/#1:33:20 Cicadas Every other glucose (beta form) is upside down to its neighbors. cellulose Beta glucose monomers. starch Alpha glucose monomers (stereo isomer at carbon 1). Amylopectin is branched similar to glycogen. fat-saturated This is stearic acid; fish unsaturated. fat-unsaturated PEANUT BUTTER/POTATO CHIPS: trans fat/onega-3. This is oleic acid found in olive oil. Unsaturated converted to solids by hydrogenation. protein Fibers (actin) have no 2nd structure. amino_acid Only L isomers are found in proteins. ===


	SQ 1=d  2=c  3=A  4=a  5=b  6=a  7=D  8=B  9=B 10=b

Sugars glucose: blood sugar galactose: milk, yogurt fructose: HF corn syrup, fruit, vegetables, not regulated by insulin -> fat; insulin resis; type II diabetes; corn price artificially low D-glucose and L-glucose are enantiomers. D-glucose (dextrose) in living things, left-handed L amino acids.
Carbohydrate loading: deplete glycogen, then carb-rich 3 days b4 event; now no depletion - decreased training.
Lipids: bread contains mono- and diglycerides as “dough conditioners.” Fatty acids in soap (Romans animal fat and wood ashes): hydrophobic tails, carboxyl hydrophilic heads: emulsify oily dirt. Phosphate builders sodium tripolyphosphate (dry detergents) or sodium/potassium phosphates.
Hydrogenated fats may contain trans-fats: LDL low-density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from liver to tissues.
Natural peanut butter: no stabilizer; oil separates.
transthyretin: plasma protein that binds retinol and thyroxine, transport vitamin A.
Curly hair: keratin disulfide bonds; sulfur in methionine and cysteine.
Collagen: ligament connects bone or cartilage (elastic, fibrous connective tissue converted to bone); tendon connects muscle with its bony attachment.
Hemoglobin heme(iron) and chlorophyll (magnesium) both have porphin ring.
Ribonuclease: a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes RNA during digestion NMR align a magnetic nucleus (hydrogen atom) with external magnetic field, perturb this alignment using an electromagnetic field. NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Nucleotide is nucleoside monophosphate. AMP is a nucleotide.
CICADA recipe (drum-like membranes: tymbals)

chap06

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

cells_prokaryotic Bacterial wall: peptidoglycan cell_sizes 1 m=1.09 yards; 1cm=.4 in. cell_differential-contrast POLARIZED GLASSES. cell_brightfield cheek cell. cell_confocal Sections like CAT scan w X-rays. cell_em tracheal cell, sections thru cilia. surface_volume 06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg used in measure lab cells_animal Centrosome (upper left) contains 2 centrioles. nucleus Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments. ER Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments. RER: secreted proteins, membranes. SER: steroids. Glycogenin makes primer proglycogen -> glycogen synthase in Golgi. lysosome_phagocytosis Plant vacuoles may contain lysosome enzymes; macrophage ingest pathogens. cytoskeleton Microtubules larger than microfilaments. microtubule Fibroblasts make collagens; heal wounds easy to culture. Centrosome contains a pair of centrioles. dynein Revu: dynein, cross-linking proteins. muscle Myofilament, head:

streaming Myosin motors interact with the actin. ===

Phase Contrast Microscope: light passing trough transparent part travels slower, increased to 1/2 wavelength by phase-plate.
Differential Interference Contrast: polarized beams detect difference in refractive index.
SEM: backscattered or secondary electrons, cover with conductive material.
Carbohydrate side chains of membrane glycoprotein (Glycosylation): cell-cell recognition, antigen-antibody; on outside of membrane (oxidizing env).
Extracellular matrix ECM: connective tissue in mammalian cells; structural proteins: collagen/elastin. Specialized proteins: fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin; Proteoglycans.
Junctions: desmosomes in skin, heart: subject to mechanical stress.
Tonoplast: membrane surrounds a vacuole.
Nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments made of lamin
nucleolus: ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes. Ribosome subunits: rRNA and proteins.
Smooth ER: lipds, steroids - sex hormones in gonads. Toxins (alcohol): liver, can build tolerance.
Peroxisome: enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen to detoxify alcohol, producing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) & converted to wate; Photorespiration.
Camillo Golgi 1843.
Phagocytosis: Greek phagein = eat + cyte = Greek kytos = anything hollow + Greek osis = act or process
Plastids: chromoplasts yellow xantophyll and yellow/red carotinoids, leucoplasts store food molecules (amyloplasts or starch plastids in potato root).
Prokaryotic flagellum solid unit, primarily protein flagellin, rigid structure turned by rotatory motor like a propeller, much smaller than eukaryotic.
Microfilaments found in microvilli Sol-Gel fluid region sol, thicker region gel.
Cytoplasmic streaming: as membrane-bound organelles crawl along the inner cell wall they set the cytoplasm into motion. This streaming allows other organelles and nutrients to flow in the stream.
Middle lamella: outermost layer of plant cell wall; plasmodesmata pores through the wall. Secondary cell wall: sclerenchyma, collenchyma, xylem have lignified cellulose.
junctions: tight in epithelial (lung), gap in heart (ions -> action potential), desmosome (most common) in skin, strength & resilience. systole/diastole contract/relax
Motor proteins kinesins and dyneins.
In humans, basal body of sperm’s flagellum enters egg and becomes a centriole.
Myosin/actin: ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force

chap07

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function

fluid_mosaic Steroids can cross: hydrophobic. diffusion RAISIN/GRAPES/SALT - 2 cups/chopsticks. tonicity saline 0.91% NaCl, water_balance-animals DRINK FROM LAKE OR OCEAN? water_balance-plants TOILET PAPER: TURGID=swollen. === ACT 7A: review labels in step 2 ACT 7F: step 2 answer always A

	1=b  2=c  3=a  4=D  5=B
	 6=c  7=b  8=b  9=A 10=c

chap08

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism

atp_hydrolysis coupled to catabolic reactions. cheetah Impala ewe? enzyme Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose for glycolysis or glycogen. enzyme_activity Trypsin produced in pancreas; 40°C = 104°F; body temp is 37°C. exergonic Free energy: can yield entropy to do work: the change (delta) is measurable. metabolism Anabolic-androgenic steroids protein synthesis "that which is thrown up, mound". sucrase Caramel=poly6saccharide. ===

	8eSQ: 1=b 2=C  3=b  4=a  5=e
	      6=c 7=C L → N

chap09

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

NAD Two electrons and one proton (from food) in arrow at right. etc MENTION chemiosmosis. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase. Pump protons into intermembrane space. anaerobic Probiotic: Lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and bacilli; colon cancer, cholesterol, blood pressure. ===

chap10

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

autotrophs Purple sulfur bacteria: hydrogen sulfide -> sulfur. BBC-PlanetEarth/3.3_ShallowSeas/#29:00 Kelp forest preyed by sea urchins, creating urchin barrens BBC-BluePlanet/3.5_SeasonalSeas/#13:25 Kelp/bryozoans/Sea Otter feeds on shellfish (play in ch28/seaweed), absorption_spectrum Blu-ray DVD: violet laser (405 nm), rather than red (650 nm). chloroplast Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves? overview 10&B: add 6H₂O to both sides of formula. Water released in Calbin (transpiration). excite CHLOROPHYLL solution: shine red light? Fluorescent mercury, neon (red) argon (blue), sodium. photo This is linear electron flow; P680 is a reaction-center chlorophyll a. chemiosmosis 10&D: stroma out; thylakoid space in. ETC in 2 places. c3 Water released in Calbin cycle (carbon fixation dehydration to 6-phosphoglycerate -> transpiration). ===

	8eSQ 1=c  2=d  3=a  4=skip Sutherland 5=C activation of G protein-coupled receptors.
	     6=B? 7=a  8=D?!?

chap11

Chapter 11: Cell Communication

G-protein Epinephrine as signal. Viagra N=O emission toxic -> nitric acid, reacts with ozone. Nitrous is N²O laughing gas, greenhouse, ozone. ion_channels Facilitated diffusion diff: ligand and ions. local_signaling Epidermal growth factor by submandibular gland, parotid gland, Salivary EGF. Para: beside, near. long-distance_signaling Exocrine: into ducts: tear salivary, mammary. nuclear Transcription factor mentioned in 11&E phosphorylation_cascade Phosphatases off. === 11&E Build Signaling Pathway - skip 2 iP3; 3 needs 3 (transcript factor); 4 needs 6 (protein kinase); 5 needs 3.

chap12

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle

cycle G1=primary growth, G2=microtubules. mitosis pro=before meta=after ana=back telo=tail. Metaphysics after Aristotle's Physics. Metabolism, Metamorphic. mitosis-anaphase Human cell has 92 chromosomes. mitosis-g2 Centrosome: 2 centrioles in animals; plants no centrioles. cytokinesisA Microfilaments=actin === ACT 12&C: non-kinetochore spindles lengthen in anaphase? two centromeres; kinetochore microtubules?

	8eSQ 1=b  2=a  3=1  4=C  5=C? MPF=degradation of cyclin
	     6=E=cleavage furrow formation?  actin=  7=a  8=b

chap13

Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

karyotype Light bands are GC-rich with genes; FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization. Karyotyping movie ===

chap14

Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea

pea WASABI PEAS; peanut embryo genes Define genome. segregation Separate in meiosis I, unless x-over. bloodABO Donated blood contains only RBC, no plasma. Type A has anti-B antobody, AB has none. Vid

melanin 8 possible F1 genotypes: AaBbCC missing? Eumelanin (red) and pheomelanin (brown). === Pedigree tutorial:

1=recessive(skip), 2=autosomal, 3=both parents, 4=recessive, sex-linked, dominant

	8e: 1=  2=d  3=A  4=b 5=b 6=D 7=c 8=D(C ok(?) 9=a 10=A

chap15

Chapter 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

drosophila-conclusion Sex: ratio between # of X and # of autosome sets, not just Y. haplo-diploid Copious protein-rich royal jelly to queen. Bumble colonial, carpenter solitary. translocation_reciprocal Philadelphia proto-oncogene moves to short chromosome 22, escape cell cycle. ===

	8eSQ 1=e  2=E  3=a wild type  4=d unexpected  5=a
	     6=a  7=b husband irrelevant  8=c female werewolf must be heterozygous
	     skip mitochondrial
	A single mating can produce many offspring. 
	Drosophila chromosomes can be easily distinguishable under a light microscope. 4 pairs/2 weeks.

chap16

Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

xray 572.8092 FRA ((Nichols) (VHS QH506 .S437 2003) Secret of Photo 51:) 18:00 Wilkins uses condom 26:30 A and B forms 28:30 Watson/Crick initial model 37:00 Aaron Klug explains Photo 51 QH431 .D573 2002 (Discovering DNA (IN LIBRARY USE)) Watson/Crick: B form (wet), Franklin worked with Wilkins on A photo 51 ovarian 37; I94 2 mi S. of Gurnee Buckley Rd. replication_fork Topoisomerase: break & rejoin backbone (PHONE CORD) replication_bubbles Double helix 2 nm wide. elong Pol I fills gap & removes priner, II repair. leading ZIPPER fannypack: leading strand telomere Telomerase is Reverse Transcriptase. nucleosome A nucleosome has 8 histones w amino end (tail) out, separated by H1,. ===

	OK        3=b  4=c  5=b 
	6=d  7=a  8=c

chap17

Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein

promoter Remove RNAP II. RNA_processing The 5' cap, 3' poly-A tail, and UnTranslated Regions facilitate ribosome attachment. triplets How many possible combos of triplets? 4³=64. genetic_code Asn=Asparagine, Asp=Aspartic Acid, Glu=Glutamic Acid, Gln=Glutamine mutation GAA -> GUA: bottom row, 3 and 1 mutation_nonsense AAG 3rd row, 3 mutation_missense AGC: 3rd row, 4 mutation_silent GGC -> GGU bottom. 4 === ACT17&B/3:

part 5 exercise: use red ribose; ACT17&D/6:

translation: 45 kinds tRNA; use ATP to attach a.a. to tRNA, GTP on ribosome?

	1=C  2=B  C=D  4=E  5=B

chap18

Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression

acetylation NSN_Epigenetics.mp4 3:00 mice agouti gene methylated (CH3) NOVA QH438.5 .G456 2006 (Ghost in Your Genes:) 13:00 Epigenetic deletion in chromosome 15, depends on parent. Epigenetic (ABOVE) change in gametes lead to genomic imprinting. activator Distal control elements (far from promoter); note transcription factors. colorectal_cancer Endoscope uses optical fiber, eyepiece. cytoplasmic 2008 physics Nobel: spontaneous broken symmetry cytoplasmic_Drosophila 21 B Bicoid mRNA from nurse cells. determination MyoD (transcription factor) activates other genes, blocks cell cycle - multinucleate. euk-regulation_cytoplasm Review 1:

says drgrade poly-A tail first. lac_operon Ferment; beta galactosidase converts some lac to allo; cistron=locus -> polypeptide. lac_repressed lacI Inhibits by making repressor; operon also has lacY, lacA mRNA_degradation REVU; donot confuse miRNA w mRNA. p53_tumor-suppressor Tumor-suppressor also repair DNA. proto-oncogene Transposable elements in ch21. ras is proto-oncogene; p53 tumor-suppressor. splicing Troponin T muscle proteins - binds to tropomyosin to associate with actin. trp_regulation Central dogma: transcribed=expression. === 8eSQ 1=d 2=a 3=d 4=a 5=c 6=e 7=a 8=c 9=b 10=b

chap19

Chapter 19: Viruses

HIV Note glycoproteins. Lyses T cells but not the initial macrophages; also killed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. animal_virus Flu=Orthomyxovirus (V: RNA) viral DNA used for replication AND transcription. virus Adenovirus bronchiolitis, ear infection. === 19&E: RNA-binding regulatory protein - NOT lac repressor that binds to operator (DNA); binds to 5? untranslated region (5? UTR) of mRNA, preventing ribosome attachment (UNUSED).

	1=C  2=A  3=A? 4=A  5=E  identical
	6=A? 7=C  8=C  9=B 10=B? ... division

chap20

Chapter 20: Biotechnology

PCR Primers can be DNA for Dideoxy. cDNA cDNA can be expressed in prokaryotic; shows which genes are expressed; reverse central dogma. cloning This uses hummingbird beta-globin gene, video human gene; beta-galactosidase digets X-gal. dolly Need to reverse epigenetic changes: acetylation of histones. electrophoresis Anode is positive terminal fingerprint Short Tandem Repeats. The 3 DNA samples treated by Southern blotting w radioactive probes. fragment Dde I (one). gene_cloning2 Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) protein dissolves blood clots in heart attack. microarray ADD SNP. REVU for ch21. restriction Palindrome dates: 01/02/2010, 11/02/2011 termination Frederick Sanger also Nobel for sequencing insulin. transplantation QH442.2 .C743 (2002:) Creation#21:00 rat, 23:30 egg donor, Judson's skin cells thru zona pellucida (glycoprotein) - 32:30 QH442.2 .F67 (2006:) For spares or repairs. ===

	1=B  2=B? 3=C  4=B  5=A? post-transcriptional processing
	6=C  7=E? 8=C? 9=D 10=C? DNA sequencing

chap21

Chapter 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

genome_comparisons Discovery-MiraclePlanet/5_SurvivalOfTheFittest/#39:00 (QE501 .B8182 2005) FOXP2 gene for speech genome_sequencing REMOVE this and also cloning and dideoxy from chap 20. Plasmid or phage vectors? Probably PCR. 6 billion bp=1k round trips to Sun. microarray NSN_PersonalDNA.mp4 4:30 SNPs NOVA REVU the ch20. ===

	Q  1=C  2=Ex 3=B  4=A  5=A? without cytokinesis.
	   6=D? 7=C? 8=A? 9=c? 10=E? master
	C  1=E  2=D  3=A? 4=D  5=D+
	   32=A? 33=A? 34=e? 35=A

chap22

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification

Beagle Galapagos 900 km (600 mi) W Ecuador; O of Species 1859 after essay from Alfred Wallace, 23 years. finches BBC-Galapagos/#14:30 Marine Iguana; 25:00 Tortoise 30:30 Hawk 35:15 Sea Lion fights Galapagos Islands video:

12 parts: boobies, iguana, tortoise. Tribulus SEEDS Puncturevine natural_selection Inductive reasoning (Jane Goodall chimpanzees). variation REPHRASE! overproduction PUFFBALL adaptation IMAX-SecretLife/#15:00 Flower Mantid (12:40 Arum and mosquito pollinator) HIV Reverse transcriptase in retrotransposons and telomerase. homology Whales 4 toes. Mammals diverged 65 MYA Practice activity (esp. whale)

embryonic Pharyngeal pouches - inner ear. convergent Southern flying squirrel in IL. transitional PBS-Evolution/2.2_change/#9:20 Egypt 6:50-14:10 aquatic Basilosaurus eg bones 40 MYA? Order Artiodactyla 4 toes pigs, cattle, deer. Toothed whales: dolphins, Orca, Sperm Whale, Narwhal. Cecil Rhodes founded De Beers; Rhode Island, Rhodesia: Zambia & Zimbabwe. evolutionary_tree Amniotes -> Sauropsids (reptiles) -> Diapsida -> (flying or flightless Kiwi, not Penguin) ===

	8eSQ  1=b 2=c 3=D 4=dd 5=a 6=dx

chap23

Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations

allele-variation Mummichog is a killifish; B, b alleles. bottleneck BOTTLENECK REESE'S PIECES. bottleneck2 Studied 6 loci; bottleneck mid-20th C. Gene flow from other states -> egg hatch rate 90%. caribou Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. hw Calculate genotype frequencies next (NOTE: this is incomplete dom). mutation Fused 2,4 etc: no allele change. Madeira: Atlantic/Portugal; mice intro 15 C, isolated by mountain. natural_selection NOVA-DarwinNeverKnew/#31:30 (576.82 WHA) Rock Pocket Mouse light/dark fur selection_intrasexual BBC-LifeOfMammals/1.3_PlantPredators/#38:20 Bison, bighorn aheep, topi fight === Causes of Evolutionary Change:

only discuss 4 onditions; no nonrandom mating.

	8eSQ	1=D (70% is p; ask 2pq)  2=A  3=E  4=B(reshuffling of alleles=chief cause)  5=B

chap24

Chapter 24: The Origin of Species

cormorant BBC-Galapagos/#55:45 Flightless Cormorant species Western meadowlark: yellow throat touches cheek; biological species NA asexual/fossils. mule Hinny male horse, female donkey. prezygotic Gametic isolation in next figure! Bradybaena is diff from Euhadra snail. BBC-Galapagos/#2:08:50 Blue-footed Booby mating: foot-lifting, sky-pointing; 10:20 diving speciation-allopatric SW desert Ammospermophilus harrisii (Harris's antelope squirrel) SW AZ; A. leucurus (White-tailed Antelope Squirrel) CA. Kaibab darker body, separated 10K years ago, now a subspecies. Mules on Kaibab and Bright Angel. speciation-sympatric HAWTHORNS. Apple grafting (align cambium layer) + pollen from compatible cultivar. autopolyploidy Anaphase is tetraploid. allopolyploidy REVU: Nondisjunction meiosis I; hybrid's chromosomes are not homologous. COTTON, tobacco cichlid Fusion discussed next. ===

	8eSQ 1=B 2=a 3=c 4=e 5=d 6=c

chap25

Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth

strata BBC-Earth/Disc1/#28:50 (QE31 .S72 2007, 551 EAR Blu-ray) Stromatolites 29:50 Snowball Earth 1:14:20 Stromatolites photosynthetic 1:17:15 Banded iron Igneous, Metamorphic. Dimetrodon on LEFT: no scales, related to synapsid mammals. Plesiosaur not dinosaurs (terrestrial diapsid archosaur). Placoderm armoured fish Ammonite: Mollusca, Cephalopoda - octopus, nautilus. Geological Phanerozoic=.5 BYA. Archaen prokaryote; Proterozoic euk/multi. Ignore epochs. Fungi not shown? clock This clock actually 5 BY. H. sapiens 160KYA. Phanerozoic eon last 3 eras. Universe 14 B? oxygen Banded iron source of ore. endo Plastid: amyloplasts store starch. cambrian Taxa: Class Mammaalia, Order Primates -> Family Hominidae (apes). synapsids Descent from top skull. Cynodont=dog teeth. Why snake for reptiles? plates BBC-Earth/Disc1/#11:10 (QE31 .S72, 551 EAR Blu-ray) N American/Eurasian plates split 13:50 Pangea boundaries Fluid outer core (iron - magnetic), solid inner. drift This is Phanerozoic eon; Pangaea: Permian; breakup mid-Mesozoic. Gulf Stream warms Europe. extinctions Discovery-MiraclePlanet/4_ExtinctionRebirth/#5:00 (QE501 .B8182) Permian volcanic eruptions. Ordovician seems largest extinction? Tertiary=Paleogene + Neogene. KT Asteroid belt between Mars + Jupiter; meteorite cause cold or warm climate? Parasaurolophus, Megazostrodon! mammal_radiation Echidna: 4 species. radiation IMAX-HiddenHawaii/#9:40 Silversword Maui Haleakala 1,860 mi fr cont. 10-50 Y, 2m: agave yucca. ===

	REDO Permian, etc...
	8eSQ	1=c  2=a  3=E  4=B

chap26

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and The Tree of Life

carnivora Badger, European Otter, coyote; gray wolf (dog Canis lupus familiaris). Canidae: Genus Vulpes are foxes. Phylogeny=genealogy. Homo_sapiens Class Mammalia, order Primates, Family Hominidae (apes). phylogeny Homology vs. analogy; same figure as clade; life Protista polyphyletic. ===

	SQ 1=B  2=D  3=B  4=E
	   5=d  6=c  7=d  8=a  9=e 10=c
	AQ 1=A  2=e  3=c  4=d  5=a  6=a  7=b
	   8=a  9=b 10=b 11=d 12=c 13=b 14=a 15=A
	CQ 1=c  2=B  3=d  4=c  5=D
	  21=a 22=E 23=b 24=c 25=e

chap27

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea

flashlight Flashlight fish Photoblepharon steinitzi. shapes S. throat; S thermophilus ferments lactate Swiss cheese (CO2 another bac). Spirochete: Lyme, syphilis. capsule protect from host defenses see transformation. Streptococcus pharyngitis spherical. endospore Layers protein coat. Discovery-MiraclePlanet/1_TheViolentPast/#29:00 Bacillus permians conjugation Donor has Fertility factor; can be diff species. transformation Streptococcus pneumoniae ear infection, pneumonia. ch16 Griffith 1928 did not know DNA; eukaryotes transfection: gene gun nanoparticle. gram negative: outer membrane lipopolysaccharide toxic and resistant. Diverse, paraphyletic. phylogeny G-positive at bottom. domains See top 2, bot. Streptomycin prevents ribosome binding formyl-methione in Bacteria! OwensLake Why named "Bacteriorhodopsin"? Photosynthetic proton pump -> ATP. Halophiles pump K⁺ ions in. Dry lake: water diverted for L.A. Harvest soda (Sodium carbonate). Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria) causes Red Sea, red tides. gram-positive Streptomycin binds ribosome treat TB. Mycoplasma small genome to study. Fibroblast -> collagen, wound healing. rhizobium Bacteroids in vesicles. lyme Exotoxin can persist wo bacteria. Endo: Salmonalla. Tick phylum Arthropoda: Cheliceriformes. ===

	1=d  2=a  4=D? 7=C? 9=a
	1=c  2=d  3=b  5=e  6=a 24=d 27=c

chap28

Chapter 28: Protists

protista QR74.5 .B565 2004 (The biology of protists) (Circulation Desk) Ciliates has animation of cilia movement. eukarya Unikonta include Fungi, Animalia: single/no flagellum. plastid Chromoplasts make/store pigments; amyloplasts store starch. euglenozoa Not all green trypanosoma Tsetse biting flies feed on blood; can break b-b barrier. plasmodium Zygote -> meiosis. SOME gametocytes (n) reinfect RBC. Fever: merozoites released from RBC? dino Cellulose from photo hard to digest; carotenoids. dinos=whirling; deinos=terrible. ciliates REVU conjugation. amoebozoans Slime molds not fungi! cellular Aggregate amoebae like scifi/horror movie; 200 µm not quite visible. plasmodial Acellular (multinucleate)=diploid. See streaming in middle; maybe largest cell but G. algae Caulerpa. diatom Yellow, not green; oil for biofuel? seaweed BBC-BluePlanet/3.5_SeasonalSeas/#13:25 Kelp/bryozoans/Sea Otter feeds on shellfish BBC-PlanetEarth/3.3_ShallowSeas/#29:00 Kelp forest preyed by sea urchins, creating urchin barrens red_alga-Nori NORI. Agar (from agarose) is cell wall polysaccharide. Gelatin from collagen skin/bone. green_alga Supercell larger than plasmodial, snorkeling in intertidal. volvox Asexual not pregnant! Biflagellated like Chlamydomonas. === 28&A 3: photosynthetic clades: Euglenid + Dino + Diatom; 17: Cellular slime mold is multicellular

	1=d  6=d  8=a
	1=e  6=c  8=a 11=c 18=c 20=d 23=c 25=b

chap29

Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

eukaryotes Charophytes aquatic, sporopollenin protects zygote. charophyte Aquatic, sporopollenin protects zygote. alternation Difference from algae: embryo. embryo PEANUT EMBRYO. sporangia Sphagnum; spores always haploid. bryophytes MOSS SPOROPHYTE. sphagnum Put in /bryophytes.html, explain "leafy", retitle rhizoids REMOVE moss-cycle Exercise seta=sporophyte stalk. Capsule=sporangium, peristome disperses spores. fern-cycle Exercise mature gametophyte (herma) repeated bottom. Seed plants dioecious, sporophyll=mod leaf. pterophyta Horsetail abrasive Carboniferous Carboniferous before Permian. === WHY Bacteria and Archaea not 1 domain?

	8eSQ
	1=B shape?  2=E generations?  3=a  4=d  5=C?  6=b  7=C?
	8=b  9=a  10=a  11=b  12=a

chap30

Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

seed_plants Taxol also breast + lung. Quinine not used anymore. Gymno=naked (see Word Roots). Gymnosperm_cycle Exercise ovule top (scale=sporophyll) integument rite, sporophyll bottom; 2. CONES. Heterosporous. pollen_tube 2 eggs may be fertilized, but 1 survive. microspore DIAGRAM DOES NOT SHOW microspores. megaspore Megasporocyte -> 1/4 meiosis=megaspore. Ovule has 2 archegonia. flower BANANA, APPLE carpels. Perfect=male + female. fruit PEANUT EMBRYO. ORANGE=13 carpels. Ovary wall=pericarp. Video: bat drops, agouti buries. dispersal BURDOCK/MILKWEED/SAMARA. Fruits adapted for seed dispersal. Angiosperm_cycle Exercise anther top, megasporocyte bottom; 2. Germination: break dormancy. Angiosperm Grass no petals! Dicots: basal angiosperms (water lilies); magnoliids. ===

	8eSQ
	1=d  2=a  3=b  4=a  5=d
	8ePT (hard)
	1=e  2=c  3=a  4=D(hard)  5=a

chap31

Chapter 31: Fungi

fungus-structure Penny bun (Boletus edulis) mold Conidia=conidiophores? Penicillium is Ascomycete. Bread mold Rhizopus=Zygomycota. yeast Ascomycota; bud: unequal cytoplasm? life_cycle NO ALT of GEN (phytes ot embryo). Zygote meiosis like plasmodium. REVU: germination from spores. Hyphae release pheromones mating types. Heterokaryotic: haploid nuclei. Exercise germination twice. 3 Zygomycota also germination twice. Zygomycetes_cycle Bread mold Rhizopus; heterokaryotic looks like zygote (egg). Pilobolus stalk swolls w sap explodes; light-sensitive. mycorrhiza 90% plants. Ascomycetes Asco + Basidio = Dikarya. Carp=fruit (chap 30 word root) Ascomycetes_cycle Dikaryo -> hyphae, not heterokaryo; conidia=asexual spores <- conidiophore. Tetrad. Basidiomycetes PUFFBALL, SHELF FUNGUS lichen LICHEN. leafCutterAnts Minim workers protect foragers from parasitic flies. BBC-LifeOnEarth/1.4_TheSwarmingHordes/#44:10 Parasol (Leaf Cutter) Ants ===

	8eSQ
	1=b  2=C  3=d  4=e  5=b  6=a
	8ePT (Not good)
	1=d(chemo) 2=b(plants) 3=d  4=c  5=b(coenocytic)
	30=e athlete's foot/yeast infections

chap32

Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Cambrian Phanerozoic eon. Seascape: Wiwaxia and Sanctacaris. body_plan Ctenophora=comb jelly. Some flatworms (Planaria) are acoela. triploblastic Archenteron surrounded by endoderm; coelom by mesoderm. Tube: mouth + anus. Left is protostome. coelom Pneumatic air-filled tires absorb shock. Mesoderm 2 layers. acoelomate Planarians are acoelomates; most Platyhelminthes are Lophotrochozoa. protostome Spiral: small cells in between larger cells at 8-cell stage: edges overlap. deuterostome Coelom <- folding of archenteron (endo). Ecdysozoa BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.2_TakingToTheAir/#42:50 17-year Cicada (play TakingToTheAir) === 32&A: Namatoda & Arthropoda are Ecdysozoa; #4 bilateral includes echinoderms. #5 diplo cnidaria. #6 triplo same as #7coelom. #7 coelome includes Nematodes. #8 Nematodes not coelom (psuedo).

	1=a  b=c  d=c  4=e  5=b  6=c  7=b  8=e  9=e 10=d
	1=b  2=b  3=b 24=c
	1,2=Porifera  3=cnidaria  4,6=E, etc  5=cnidaria  7,8=E,XNematoda?  9=Nem  10=Mollusca,etc  11=E,C  12=

chap33

Chapter 33: Invertebrates

Annelid BBC-BluePlanet/3.6_CoralSeas/#3:30 Christmas Tree Worm sponge Spicules w spongin protein; cellulose; Luffa fruit. PBS-ShapeOfLife/1.1_Origins/#29:00 feeding. phylum_Cnidaria BBC-BluePlanet/3.6_CoralSeas/#9:15 Coral polyps fight, 13:25 Humphead Parrotfish cnidaria BBC-BluePlanet/3.6_CoralSeas/#40:00 Coral spawning hydrozoa Obelia fluke Swimmer's itch: birs are primary hosts. trichinella Muscule pain, breathing, heart failure. cephalopod BALLOONS jet propulsion. Blue blood: copper-rich hemocyanin, 3 hearts. gastropod BBC-BluePlanet/3.5_SeasonalSeas/#5:55 Jellyfish polyps 23:55 Sea Slug Navanax stalks Janulus mollusca Many scrape food using rasplike radula with backward-curved "teeth"; ciliated larva: trochophore leech NSN_Leeches.mp4 3:00 blood-letting; hirudin keeps blood flowing. NOVA myriapoda Sub-phylum. arachnid Also Demodex mites in hair follicles. arthropoda First 3 pairs legs end in pincers. echinoidea Sand dollar. echinoderm Mouth at bottom. WVS locomotion, gas exchange. ophiuroidea Brittle crawl. PBS-ShapeOfLife/3.6_SurvivalGame/#18:00 Sunf. starfish >abalone: scallop eyes. ===

	8eSQ
	1=C Cnidaria and Bilateria!  2=a  3=d  4=E exoskeleton?  5=B locomotion, gas exchange  6=e

chap34

Chapter 34: Vertebrates

nerve Flatworms also have nerve cords. pharyngeal slits - inner ear. notochord Nerve cord not shown, next diagram shows spinal cord. craniate Cranium not in invert. heads! Neural tube -> CNS (nerve cord?) chondrichthyes Cartilage chondrocytes -> collagen; between bones, rib cage, ear, nose. Paired fins -> tetrapods? osteichthyes BBC-BluePlanet/3.5_SeasonalSeas/#32:40 herring bait ball hunted to last OR 44:20 lungfish But swim bladders may have evolved from lungs? lobe-finned Flattened head like croc. PBS-Evolution/2.2_change/#22:50 Acanthostega forelimb with fingers tetrapods Devonian-Carboniferous 300-400 MYA amphibia Poison arrow frog. amniotes Turtles anapsids? Parareptiles early, extinct; 2 Tuatara species NZ islands extirpated by rats. amniotic allantois also exchanges gases. birds BBC-Galapagos/#40:20 Waved Albatross mating ritual CHICKEN furcula=fused clavicles. Ratite: Ostrich, Kiwi, S. American rheas. snake Males use spurs for courtship and fighting. turtle Vertebrae and ribs fused to the carapace; shoulders within ribcage. mammalia Expand this. monotreme Short-beaked echidna. marsupial BBC-LifeOfMammals/1.1_AWinningDesign/#7:25 Echidna 11:00 Platypus 21:00 Kangaroo joey monkeys NW: squirrel monkey, capuchin. OW: mandrill, baboon, rhesus. bipedal Not truly bipedal like drawing! art NSN_SeaLions.mp4 2:00 sound, 3:00 "open", 4:30 tests (operant) NOVA Ochre=earth pigment: iron oxide; Blombos Cave. homo_habilis Brain 700-900cc, vs. 400 Australopithecus; 1200 human; rudolfensis contemporary w habilis. ===

chap35

chap36

Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

cell_transport STUDY root_transport Cortex includes hypodermis and endodermis. vascular FIBONACCI Phyllotaxy water_plants TOILET PAPER: TURGID; Sears tower - internal metal frames. water_potential STUDY Ψ_P(Psi) = 0 at at sea level/room temperature. xylem_sap PLASTIC BAG Transpiration. ===

	SQ: 1=E  2=c            5=B
	AQ: 1=e  2=d  3=e                                14=a
	CQ: 1=a  2=e  3=c  4=a                           30=D?

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chap46

Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction

fertilization Fertilization male Sperm stored in epididymis. placenta HCG excreted in urine used for pregnancy test - corpus luteum continues secretingf progesterone. menstrual REVU; estradiol is an estrogen. 450 cycles=37 years; used as oral contraceptive. earthworm BBC-LifeInTheUndergrowth/1.1_InvasionOfTheLand/#23:00 Hermaphrodite Leopard Slugs mating in midair Earthworm clitellum; Hermes=Greek messenger (Roman Mercury); Aphrodite=Venus hermaphrodite Penis-fencing PBS-ShapeOfLife2.3_TheFirstHunter/#39:30 Hermaphrodite flatworms perform penis fencing parthenogenesis Cnemidophorus uniparens: hard to find mate. reproduction Independent assort, X-over, random fertilization. Fibonacci cones.

	SQ:                     5=c                 9=d 10=b
	AQ: 1=c  2=b  3=e  4=a  5=a  6=b  7=e  6=c  9=a 10=B?
	   11=c 12=C 13=a 14=b 15=E?
	CQ: 1=A

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chap51

Chapter 51: Animal Behavior

agonistic BBC-LifeOfMammals/1.3_PlantPredators/#38:20 Bison 40:10 Bighorn Sheep 43:10 Topi fight altruism BBC-LifeOfMammals/2.1_Chisellers/#31:30 Belding's ground squirrel sounds warning call classical_conditioning CANON POWERSHOT. cranes BBC-Galapagos/#40:20 Waved Albatross mating ritual Asian red-crowned cranes=Grus japonicus habituation Or bird false alarm calls; sensitization. imprinting BBC-PlanetEarth/4.1_SeasonalForests/#22:05 Mandarin Ducks nest in tree. Wood ducks jump to join brood by imprinting. migration 577 NAT (Nichols) Crash: A Tale of Two Species 34:00 16-year old Red Knots are moon birds. migration-genetics Blackcaps placed outside at night. minnow Minnow: small silvery fish; Family Cyprinidae: chubs, shiners, dace, carp, goldfish, stoneroller. operant_conditioning NSN_SeaLions.mp4 2:00 sound, 3:00 "open", 4:30 tests (operant conditioning) NOVA Positive/Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior; Punishment/Extinction weaken behavior. relatedness rB = 0.5 × 2 = 1 and C = 0.1. waggle_dance Distance=tempo of dance and number of waggles. ===

	SQ: 1=D  2=d  3=D                      8=c  9=B 10=C
	AQ: 1=c  2=e  3=b
	CQ: 1=C  2=a  3=a  4=d  5=B  6=b

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Bio1151 notes	Updated: Jul 29, 2010.	Peter Chen