Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
cells_prokaryotic
Bacterial wall: peptidoglycan
cell_sizes
1 m=1.09 yards; 1cm=.4 in.
cell_differential-contrast
POLARIZED GLASSES
cell_brightfield
cheek cell.
cell_confocal
Sections like CAT scan w X-rays.
cell_em
tracheal cell, sections thru cilia.
surface_volume
06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg used in measure lab
cells_animal
Centrosome (upper left) contains 2 centrioles.
nucleus
Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments.
ER
Nuclear lamina made of protein filaments. RER: secreted proteins, membranes. SER: steroids.
Glycogenin makes primer proglycogen -> glycogen synthase in Golgi.
lysosome_phagocytosis
Plant vacuoles may contain lysosome enzymes; macrophage ingest pathogens.
microtubule
Fibroblasts make collagens; heal wounds easy to culture.
Centrosome contains a pair of centrioles.
dynein
Revu: dynein, cross-linking proteins.
muscle
Myofilament, head: 
streaming
Myosin motors interact with the actin.
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streaming
Myosin motors interact with the actin.
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- Phase Contrast Microscope: light passing trough transparent part travels slower, increased to 1/2 wavelength by phase-plate.
- Differential Interference Contrast: polarized beams detect difference in refractive index.
- SEM: backscattered or secondary electrons, cover with conductive material.
- Carbohydrate side chains of membrane glycoprotein (Glycosylation): cell-cell recognition, antigen-antibody; on outside of membrane (oxidizing env).
- Extracellular matrix ECM: connective tissue in mammalian cells; structural proteins: collagen/elastin. Specialized proteins: fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin; Proteoglycans.
- Junctions: desmosomes in skin, heart: subject to mechanical stress.
- Tonoplast: membrane surrounds a vacuole.
- Nuclear lamina: intermediate filaments made of lamin
- nucleolus: ribosomal RNA synthesis and formation of ribosomes. Ribosome subunits: rRNA and proteins.
- Smooth ER: lipds, steroids - sex hormones in gonads. Toxins (alcohol): liver, can build tolerance.
- Peroxisome: enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen to detoxify alcohol, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & converted to wate; Photorespiration.
- Camillo Golgi 1843.
- Phagocytosis: Greek phagein = eat + cyte = Greek kytos = anything hollow + Greek osis = act or process
- Plastids: chromoplasts yellow xantophyll and yellow/red carotinoids, leucoplasts store food molecules (amyloplasts or starch plastids in potato root).
- Prokaryotic flagellum solid unit, primarily protein flagellin, rigid structure turned by rotatory motor like a propeller, much smaller than eukaryotic.
- Microfilaments found in microvilli Sol-Gel fluid region sol, thicker region gel.
- Cytoplasmic streaming: as membrane-bound organelles crawl along the inner cell wall they set the cytoplasm into motion. This streaming allows other organelles and nutrients to flow in the stream.
- Middle lamella: outermost layer of plant cell wall; plasmodesmata pores through the wall. Secondary cell wall: sclerenchyma, collenchyma, xylem have lignified cellulose.
- junctions: tight in epithelial (lung), gap in heart (ions -> action potential), desmosome (most common) in skin, strength & resilience. systole/diastole contract/relax
- Motor proteins kinesins and dyneins.
- In humans, basal body of sperm’s flagellum enters egg and becomes a centriole.
- Myosin/actin: ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force
